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Chapter 1 



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Ramazani, R.K. "Afghanistan and the USSR," Middle East journal, 12, No. 2, Spring 1958, 144-52. 


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Chapter 2 


Afghanistan. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. Central Statistics Office. Preliminary Results of the First Afghan Population Census. (Demographic Statistics series, No. 1.) Kabul: 1981. 
_____ Statistical Yearbook, 1360. Kabul: May 1983. 



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Dupree, Nancy Hatch. "Revolutionary Rhetoric and Afghan Women." Pages 306-40 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


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Gopalakrishnan, Ramamoorthy. The Geography and Politics of Afghanistan. New Delhi: Concept, 1982. 


Gorm Pedersen, Arhus. "Socio-Economic Change among a Group of East African Nomads," Afghanistan Journal, 4, 1978, 115-22. 


Griffiths, John C. Afghanistan: Key to a Continent. Boulder: Westview Press, 1981. 


Gulick, John. The Middle East: An Anthropological Perspective. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 1983. 


Hodgson, Marshall G.S. The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. 3 vols. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974. 


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Knabe, Erika. "Women in the Social Stratification of Afghanistan." Pages 329-59 in C.A.O. Van Nieuwenhuijze (ed.), Commoners, Climbers, and Notables: A Sampler of Studies on Social Ranking in the Middle East. Leiden: Brill, 1977. 


Lesser, Paul B., et al. "Chronic Liver Disease in Afghanistan: Contribution of Hepatitus Viruses," Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 81, Nos. 9-10, November 1983, 153-55. 


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Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. "Islamic Law." Pages 226-42 in Marjorie Kelly (ed.), Islam: The Religious and Political Life of a World Community. New York: Praeger, 1984. 
_____ "Minister Addresses Army Imams," Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia, 8, No. 154 (FBIS-SAS-85-154), August 9 1985, Cl. 


Pillsbury, Barbara. "Tradition and Health Care in the Near East." (Report prepared for United States Agency for International Development.) Washington: March 1978. 


Population Reference Bureau. 1985 World Population Data Sheet. (Prepared by Mary Mederios Kent and Carl Haub.) Washington: 1985. 


Shahrani, M. Nazif. "Causes and Context of Responses to the Saur Revolution in Badakhshan." Pages 139-69 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 
_____ "Ethnic Relations and Access to Resources in Northeast Badakhshan." (Paper presented at 11th annual meeting of Middle East Studies Association, New York City, 1977.) New York: Afghan Council of the Asia Society, Summer 1978. 
_____ The Kirghiz and Wakhan of Afghanistan: Adaptation to Closed Frontiers. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979. 


Shahrani, M. Nazif, and Robert L. Canfield (eds.). Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Shalinsky, Audrey, C. "Central Asian );migres in Afghanistan: Problems of Religious and Ethnic Identity." (Afghanistan Council Occasional Paper, No. 19.) New York: Afghanistan Council, Asia Society, December 1979. 
_____ "Learning Sexual Identity: Parents and Children in Northern Afghanistan," Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 11, No. 4, 1980, 254-65. 


Shroder, John F., Jr. "Physical Resources and the Development of Afghanistan," Studies in Comparative Development, 16, Nos. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1981, 36-63. 


Singer, Andre. "Problems of Pastoralism in the Afghan Pamirs," Asian Affairs [London], 63, June 1976, 156-60. 


Singh, Meharban, et al. "Infant Feeding Practices in Kabul," Indian Pediatrics, 20, No. 10, October 1983, 733-38. 


Strand, Richard F. "Ethnic Competition and Tribal Schism in Eastern Nuristan." (Paper presented at 11th annual meeting of Middle East Studies Association, New York City, 1977.) New York: Afghan Council of the Asia Society, Summer 1978. 
_____ "The Evolution of Anti-Communist Resistance in Eastern Nuristan." Pages 77-93 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


"`Strong' Earthquake Tremors Shake Kabul," Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia, 8, No. 146 (FBISSAS-85-146), July 30, 1985, C1. 


Tapper, Nancy. "Causes and Consequences of the Abolition of Brideprice in Afghanistan." Pages 291-305 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 
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Tapper, Richard. "Holier Than Thou: Islam in Three Tribal Societies." Pages 244-65 in Akbar S. Ahmed and David M. Hart (eds.), Islam in Tribal Societies from the Atlas to the Indus. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984. 


Tavakolian, Bahram. "Sheikhanzai Nomads and the Afghan State: A Study of Indigenous Authority and Foreign Rule." Pages 249-65 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


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The World of Learning, 1983-1984. London: Europa, 1983. 


(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation of this chapter: Christian Science Monitor; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia; Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/South Asia Report; New York Times; and Washington Post.) 



Chapter 3 


Afghanistan. Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. Central Statistics Office. 
_____ Afghan Agriculture in Figures. Kabul: 1978. 
_____ Socio-Economic Development Plan for the Democratic Republic ofAfghanistan, 1361 (1982/1983). Kabul: 1981. 
_____ Socio-Economic Development Plan for the Democratic Republic ofAfghanistan, 1362 (1982/83). Kabul: 1982. 
_____ Statistical Year Book, 1350, March 1981-March 1982. Kabul: May 1983. 


"L'Afghanistan economique en 1982," Industries et travaux d'Outremer [Paris], 30, June 1982, 370-76. 


"Afghanistan: les recettes provenant de l'exportation du gaz attenuant les facteurs defavorables qui affectent l'economie," Industries et Travaux d'Outremer [Paris], 32, July 1984, 382-84. 


"Afghan-Soviet Economic Protocol Signed in Kabul," Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia, 8 (FBIS-SAS-84-047), March 8, 1984, Cl. 


Bhatty, IX, and L. Berouti. Development Strategy for Afghanistan: Lessons of an Employment Policy Mission," Pakistan Development Review tIslamabadj, 19, Winter 1980, 337-52. 


Coldren, Lee O. "Afghanistan in 1984: The Fifth Year of the Russo-Afghan War," Asian Survey, 25, No. 2, February 1985, 169-79. 


Da Afghanistan Bank. Bulletin [Kabul, 1983. 


D'Souza, Frances. "The Threat of Famine in Afghanistan." (Research paper.) London: Afghan Aid Committee, 1984. 


Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980 (reprint). 
_____ Red Flag over the Hindu Kush, Pt. 111: Rhetoric and Reforms, or Promises! Promises! (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports, Asia series, No. 27.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1980. 


FAO Fertilizer Yearbook, 1983. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1984. 


FAO Production Yearbook, 1983. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1984. 


FAO Trade Yearbook, 1983. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization, 1984. 


Farr, Grant M., and Azam Gul. "Afghan Agricultural Production, 1978-1982," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 8, No. 1, Fall 1984, 65-79. 


"`Friendly' Countries Finance Development Projects," Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia, 8 (FBISSAS-85-062), April 1,1985, Cl. 


Fry, Maxwell J. The Afghan Economy: Money, Finance, and the Critical Constraints to Economic Development. Leiden: Brill, 1974. 


Gentelle, Pierre. "Les rapports economiques entre ('Afghanistan, 1'URSS et des democraties populaires d'Europe," Le Courier des pays de Pest [Paris], No. 256, November 1981, 33-47. 


Grotzbach, Erwin. "Die afghanische Landreform von 1979: Durchfuhrung and Probleme," Orient [Hamburg, 23, No. 3, 1982, 394-413. 


Helskini Watch Report. Tears, Blood, and Cries: Human Rights in Afghanistan. New York: December 1984. 


Hyman, Anthony. Afghanistan under Soviet Occupation, 1964-83. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1984. 
_____ "The Struggle for Afghanistan," World Today [London], 40, July 1984, 276-84. 


"Industry Ministry Signs Gas Agreement with USSR," Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia, 8 (FBIS-SAS-85-038), February 26, 1985, C2. 


Joint Publications Research Service-JPRS (Washington). The following items are from the JPRS series: Near East/ South Asia Report: 


"Agricultural Development Receives Serious Attention," Kabul New Times, Kabul, December 18, 1984. (JPRS-NEA-85013, January 29, 1985, 65). 


"Civilians Threatened with Starvation," Liberation, Paris, November 6, 1984. (JPRS-NEA-85-001, January 4, 1985). 


"Farmers Assisted to Mechanize Agriculture," Heywad, Kabul, February 12, 1985. (JPRSNEA-85-054, April 15, 1985, 110). 


"Government Seeks Farmers' Welfare in Land Reform," Anis, Kabul, February 28, 1985. (JPRSNEA-85-063, May 6, 1985, 86). 


"Official Describes Soviet Aid on Energy Sources," Bakhtar, Kabul, February 27, 1985. (JPRSNEA-85-039, March 18, 1985, 96). 


"Soviets' War on Rural Economy More Effective," Le Monde, Paris, December 29, 1984. (JPRSNEA-85-024, February 15, 1985, 101). 


"Threat of Famine, Drought Escalated," Le Figaro, Paris, December 27, 1984. (JPRS-NEA-85-019, February 6, 1985, 89). 


"Leaders Address Meeting on Land, Water Reform," Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Report: South Asia, 8 (FBIS-SAS-84-041), February 29, 1984, CI. 


Mironov, Leonid. "In Afghanistan's Industrial Belt," New Times [Moscow[, December 1983, 20-21. 


Noorzoy, M. Siddiq. "Alternative Economic Systems for Afghanistan," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 15, No. 1, February 1983, 25-46. 
_____ "Long-Term Economic Relations Between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union: An Interpretive Study," International Journal of Middle East Studies, 17, No. 1, March 1985, 151-73. 


Poulton, Michelle, and Robin Poulton. "Prospects for Afghanistan's Economy," World Today [London], 37, May 1981, 182-87. 


Shroder, John F., Jr. "Physical Resources and the Development of Afghanistan," Studies in Comparative International Development, 16, Nos. 3-4, Fall-Winter 1981, 36-63. 


U.N. Energy Statistics Yearbook. New York: Statistical Office, Department of International Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 1985. 


U.N. Industrial Statistics Yearbook, 1982. New York: United Nations, 1982. United Nations. U.N. National Account Statistics: Main Aggregates and Detailed Tables, 1982. New York: 1985. 


United Nations. Economic and Social Committee for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). "Afghanistan in the World Economy," Economic Bulletin for Asia and the Far East [Bangkok], 29, December 1978, 10-27. 
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_____ Quarterly Bulletin of Statistics for Asia and the Pacific, XIV, No. 2. Bangkok: UN ESCAP, June 1984. 


Wafadar, K. "Afghanistan in 1981: The Struggle Intensifies," Asian Survey, 22, No. 2, February 1982, 147-54. 


Weibe, Dietrich. "Die afghanischen Arbeitskraftewanderungen in die islamischen Staaten," Orient [Hamburg], 20,June1979,96-100. 

(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation of this chapter: Christian Science Monitor; Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong]; Financial Times [London]; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Re port: South Asia; International Financial Statistics; Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/South Asia Report; Keesing's Contemporary Archives [London]; New York Times; and Washington Post.). 



Chapter 4 


"Afghan Children Reportedly Sent to Soviet," New York Times, November 14, 1984, A5. 


Ahmed, Akbar S. "Afghanistan: The Great Game Revisited: A Review Article," Journal of Asian Studies, 41, No. 1, November 1981, 73-80. 


Ali, Mehrunnisa. "Soviet-Pakistan Ties since the Afghanistan Crisis," Asian Survey, 23, No. 9, September 1983, 1025-42. 


"All for One, at Last," Economist [London], January 26, 1985, 34. 


Amin, Tahir. "Afghan Resistance: Past, Present, and Future," Asian Survey, 24, No. 4, April 1984, 373-99. 


Amnesty International Report, 1980. London: Amnesty International, 1980. 


Amnesty International Report, 1984. London: Amnesty International, 1984. 


Anderson, Jon W. "How Afghans Define Themselves in Relation to Islam." Pages 266-87 in M. Nazif Shahrani and 


Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in I 


Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 



Arnold, Anthony. Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1983. 
_____ "The Stony Path to Afghan Socialism: Problems of Sovietization in an Alpine Muslim Society," Orbis, 24, No. 1, Spring 1985, 40-57. 


Asia 1983 Yearbook. (Ed., Donald Wise.) Hong Kong: Far Eastern Economic Review, 1983. 


Asia 1984 Yearbook. (Ed., Donald Wise.) Hong Kong: Far Eastern Economic Review, 1984. 


Asia 1985 Yearbook. (Ed., Donald Wise.). Hong Kong: Far Eastern Economic Review, 1985. 


Azoy G. Whitney. Buzkashi: Game and Power in Afghanistan. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. 


Barfield, Thomas J. "Weak Links on a Rusty Chain: Structural Weaknesses in Afghanistan's Provincial Government Administration." Pages 170-83 in M. Nazif Shahrani, and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Beanie, Hugh. "Effects of the Saur Revolution in the Nahrin Area of Northern Afghanistan." Pages 184-207 in M. Nazif Shahrani, and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Bennigsen Alexandre. "Mullahs, Mujahidin, and Soviet Muslims," Problems of Communism, 33, November-December 1984, 2844. 


The Soviet Union and Muslim Guerrilla Wars, 19201981: Lessons forAfghanistan. Santa Monica, California: Rand, 1981. 


Bernstein, Richard. "Remaking Afghanistan in the Soviet Image," New York Times Magazine, March 24, 1985, 30-32. 
_____ "U.N. Rights Study Finds Afghan Abuse by Soviet," New York Times, March 1, 1985, A6. 


Bhasin, Vijay Kumar. Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan: Its Background and Implications. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1984. 


Bradsher, Henry S. "Afghanistan," Washington Quarterly, 7, Summer 1984, 42-55. 
_____ Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Durham: Duke Press Policy Studies, 1983. 


Braun, Dieter. "The Afghanistan Conflict as a Regional Problem," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 6, No. 4, Summer 1983, 31-38. 


Canfield, Robert L. "Islamic Coalitions in Bamyan: A Problem in Translating Afghan Political Culture." Pages 211-29 in M. Nazif Shahrani, and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Chaliand, Gerard. Report from Afghanistan. (Trans., Tamar Jacoby.) New York: Viking Press, 1982. 


Cheema, Pervaiz Iqbal. "The Afghanistan Crisis and Pakistan's Security Dilemma," Asian Survey, 23, No. 3, March 1983, 227-43. 


Chirkin, V., and Y. Yudin. A Socialist-Oriented State. Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1983. 


Cohen, Stephen. "South Asia after Afghanistan," Problems of Communism, 34, January-February 1985, 18-31. 


Coldren, Lee O. "Afghanistan in 1984: The Fifth Year of the RussoAfghan War," Asian Survey, 25, No. 2, February 1985, 169-79. 


Curren, James B., and Phillip A. Karber, "Afghanistan's Ordeal Puts a Region at Risk," Armed Forces Journal International, 122, No. 8, March 1985, 78-105. 


Dameyer, Christina. "In Campaign to 'Sovietize' Afghanistan, USSR Uses School Media and Ethnic Ties," Christian Science Monitor, March 26, 1985, 1. 


Dupree, Louis. "Afghanistan in 1982: Still No Solution," Asian Survey, 23, No. 2, February 1983. 
_____ "Afghanistan in 1983: And Still No Solution," Asian Survey, 24, No. 2, February 1984, 229-39. 
_____ Afghanistan, 1980: The World Turned Upside Down. (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports. Asia series, No. 37.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1980. 
_____ The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, 1979: Rhetoric, Repression, Reforms, and Revolts. (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports. Asia series, No. 32.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1979. 
_____ "The Marxist Regimes and the Soviet Presence in Afghanistan: An Ages-Old Culture Responds to Late Twen Beth-Century Aggression." Pages 58-73 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 
_____ Red Flag over the Hindu Kush, Pt. 1: Leftist Movement in Afghanistan. (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports. Asia series, No. 44.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1979.
_____ Red Flag over the Hindu Kush, Pt. 111: Rhetoric and Reforms, or Promises! Promises! (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports. Asia series, No. 27.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1980.
_____ Red flag over the Hindu Kush, Pt. IV: Foreign Policy and the Economy. (American Universities Field Staff. Field staff Reports. Asia series, No. 27.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1980.
_____ Red Flag over the Hindu Kush, Pt. V: Repressions, or Security Through Terror, Purges 1-IV. (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports. Asia series, No. 28.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1980.
_____ Red Flag over the Hindu Kush, Pt. Vl: Repressions, or Security Through Terror, Purges IV -VI. (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports. Asia series, No. 29.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1980.
_____ Red Flag over the Hindu Kush, Pt. 11: The Accidental Coup, or Tasaki in Blunderland. (American Universities Field Staff. Fieldstaff Reports. Asia series, No. 45.) Hanover, New Hampshire: AUFS, 1979.

Dupree, Nancy Hatch. "Revolutionary Rhetoric and Afghan Women." Pages 306-40 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies University of California, 1984. ]


Ewing, Thomas E. "The Mongolian People's Republic Today,"Asian Affairs [London], 11 No. 3, October 1980, 309-21.

Fullerton, John. The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1983.
_____ "Too Much at Stake to Quit," Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong], December 24, 1982, 18-22.

Gall, Sandy. Behind Russian Lines: An Afghan Journal. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1983.

Gibbs, David. "The Peasant as Counter-Revolutionary: The Rural Origins of the Afghan Insurgency" (Paper under review in fall of 1985 at Studies in Comparative International Development). 


Girardet, Edward. "Migratory Genocide: The Soviets Declare Afghanistan a Free-Fire Zone," New Republic, March 4, 1985,1318. 


Gopalakrishnan, Ramamoorthy. The Geography and Politics of Afghanistan. New Delhi: Concept, 1982. 


Halliday, Fred. "Revolution in Afghanistan," New Left Review [London], No. 112, November-December 1979, 3-44. 
_____ "War and Revolution in Afghanistan," New Left Review [London], No. 119, January-February 1980, 20-41. 


Hammond, Thomas T. Red Flag over Afghanistan: The Communist Coup, the Soviet Invasion, and the Consequences. Boulder: Westview Press, 1984. 
_____ "Will the Soviets Pull Out of Afghanistan?" Survey [London], 27, Autumn-Winter 1983, 232 -46. 


Haqqani, Husain. "Afghanistan: Frontier Frights," Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong], 126, No. 42, October 18, 1984, 36. 
_____ "The Chinese Connection," Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong], 127, No. 6, February 14, 1985, 24. 


Harrison, Selig S. In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1980. 
_____ "The Shah, Not Kremlin, Touched Off Afghan Coup," Washington Post, May 18, 1979, Cl. 


Hauner, Milan. "Seizing the Third Parallel: Geopolitics and the Soviet Advance into Central Asia," Orbis, 29, No. 1, Spring 1985, 5- 31. 


Hyman, Anthony. Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 196481. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. 


Joint Publications Research Service-JPRS (Washington). The following items are from the JPRS series: Near East/ South Asia Report: 
_____ "Afghanistan to Become 16th Soviet Republic," Information, Copenhagen, November 18-24, 1983. (JPRSNEA-84-006, January 11, 1984, 68-71). 
_____ "The Afganistan War in Perspective," etudes, Paris, June 1984. (JPRS-NEA-84-118, August 1, 1984, 88-96). 
_____ "Afghan-Soviet Cultural, Scientific Cooperation," Kabul New Times, Kabul, November 21, 1984. (JPRSNEA-85-004, January 10, 1985, 113-25). 
_____ "Article Examines Failure of Socialist Expansion," Le Monde, Paris, December 30-31, 1984. (JPRS-NEA85-024, February 15, 1985, 111-14). 
_____ "Article Studies Soviet Dilemma,"Sobh-e Azadegan, Tehran, December 19, 1984. (JPRS-NEA-85-021, February 8, 1985, 20-25). 
_____ "Babrak Karmal Addresses PDPA Plenum on Counterrevolution, State Power," Kabul New Times, Kabul, March 4-5, 1984. (JPRS-NEA-84-057, April 4, 1984, 68-95). 
_____ "A Different Revolution: The Government Is Buying the People," Dagens Nyheter, Stockholm, June 3, 1984. (JPRSNEA-84-103, July 3,1984, 71-77). 
_____ "Karmal Expresses Views on Revolution, Other Issues," Anis, Kabul, January 16, 1985. (JPRS-NEA-85-048, April 2, 1985, 1-12). 
_____ "The Soviet Offensive in Afghanistan," Liberation, Paris, May 2, 1984. (JPRS-NEA-84-089, June 6, 1984, 36-49). 
_____ "Soviets Do Not Run Operations," Humanite, Paris, March 3-4, 1985. (JPRS-NEA-84-063, May 6, 1985, 63). 
_____ "The Soviets' Education Policy: Crushing the Muslim Community,' Les nouvelles d'tlfghanistan, Paris, OctoberNovember 1984. (JPRS-NEA-84-187, December 28, 1984, 3140). 
_____ "Soviets Strive to Carry Out Starvation Tactics," Le Figaro, Paris, December 13, 1984. (JPRSNEA-85-019, February 6, 1985, 87-88). 
_____ "Tribal Battalion Created in Chemtal," Ants, Kabul, February 13, 1985. (JPRS-NEA-85-051, April 5, 1985, 99100). 
_____ "Villages Seen at Odds with Government," Journal de Geneve, Geneva, March 29-30, 1984. (JPRS-NEA-84-067, April 25, 1984, 116-20). 
_____ "Karmal Addresses Nation on Eid-al-Adha Holiday," Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia, 8, No. 166 (FBIS-SAS-85-166), August 27, 1985, CI-C2. 


Karp, Craig. Afghanistan: Six Years of Soviet Occupation. (Special Reports, No. 135.) Washington: Department of State, 1985. 


Katz, David J. "Responses to Central Authority in Nuristan: The Case of the Vaygal Valley Kalasha." Pages 94-118 in 


M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Keiser, R. Lincoln. "The Rebellion in Darra-i Nur." Pages 119-36 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Krakowski Elie D. "Afghanistan: The Forgotten War," Strategic Studies [Islamabad], Spring 1985. 


Magnus, Ralph H. "Tribal Marxism: The Soviet Encounter with Afghanistan," Conflict, 4, Nos. 2-4, 1983, 339-68. 


Male, Beverley. Revolutionary Afghanistan: A Reappraisal. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. 


Middleton, Drew. "Study Sees No End to Soviet Stay in Afghanistan," New York Times May 15 1984. 


Moffett, George D. "Talks Aim to Loosen Soviet-Afghan Knot," Christian Science Monitor, June 24, 1985, 2-3. 


Newell, Nancy Peabody, and Richard S. Newell.The Struggle forAfghanistan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 1981. 


"New Negotiations Open in Geneva in a Bid to End Afghan Conflict," New York Times, June 21, 1985, A3. 


"Our Special Correspondent" "A Short Walk in Afghanistan," Economist [London], July 14, 1984, 37-39. 


Poulton, Michelle, and Robin Poulton. L Afghanistan. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1981. 


Roy Olivier. "Afghanistan: Islam and Political Modernity" (L'Afghanistan: Islam modernitee politique). Paris: May 1985. Translated by Joint Publications Research Service (Washington). JPRS-NEA-85-116, September 1985. 
_____ "Islam in the Afghan Resistance," Religion in Communist Lands [Maidstone, Kent, England], 12, No. 1, Spring 1984, 5568. 


Rubinstein, Alvin Z. "Afghanistan: Embraced by the Bear," Orbis, 26, No. 1, Spring 1982, 135-53. 


Saikal, Amin. "The Pakistan Unrest and the Afghanistan Problem,' World Today [London], 40, No. 3, March 1984, 102-106. 


Sciolino, Elaine. "U.N., 122-19, Asks Troop Pullout in Afghanistan," New York Times Magazine, November 14, 1985 (entire issue). 


Segal, Gerald. "China and Afghanistan," Asian Survey, 21, No. 11, November 1981, 1158-74. 


Sethi, Patricia J. "Afghanistan: The Double Shuffle," India Today [New Delhi], 9, No. 14, July 31, 1984, 44-49. 


Shahi, Agha. "Prospects of a Political Settlement of the War in Afghanistan," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 7, No. 3, Spring 1984, 3-13. 


Shahrani, M. Nazif. "Causes and Context of Responses to the Saur Revolution in Badakhshan." Pages 139-69 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 
_____ "Introduction: Marxist "Revolution" and Islamic Resistance in Afghanistan." Pages 3-57 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Southerland, Daniel. "Soviets Step Up Their Attacks on Civilians in Afghanistan War," Christian Science Monitor, November 21, 1983, 5. 


Strand, Richard F. "The Evolution of Anti-Communist Resistance in Eastern Nuristan." Pages 77-93 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Tapper, Nancy. "Causes and Consequences of the Abolition of Brideprice in Afghanistan." Pages 291-305 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Tapper, Richard. "Ethnicity and Class: Dimensions of Intergroup Conflict in North-Central Afghanistan." Pages 230-46 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Tasker, Rodney. "Afghanistan-Pakistan's View: All Eyes Are on Islamabad," Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong], June 9, 1983, 23-25. 


Tavakolian, Bahrain. "Sheikhanzai Nomads and the Afghan State: A Study of Indigenous Authority and Foreign Rule." Pages 249-65 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Chiefs of State and Cabinet Members of Foreign Governments. Washington: July-August 1985. 


United States. Congress. 98th, 2d Session. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Hidden War: The Struggle for Afghanistan. Washington: GPO, April 1984. 


United States. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1984. (Report submitted to United States Congress, 99th, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations and House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, February 1985. 


Van Hollen, Eliza. "Afghanistan: 3 years of Occupation," Department of State Bulletin, 81, No. 2071, February 1983, 53-62. 


Vertzberger Yaacov. "Sino-Afghan Relations, 1949-1978," Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 6, No. 3, Spring 1983, 3243. 


Victor, Jean Christophe. La cite des murmures: l'enjeu afghan. Paris: Editions Jean-Claude Lattes, 1983. 


Wafadar, K. "Afghanistan in 1980: The Struggle Continues," Asian Survey, 21, No. 2, February 1981, 172-80. 
_____ "Afghanistan in 1981: The Struggle Intensifies," Asian Survey, 22, No. 2, February 1982, 147-54. 


White, Terrence. "The Casual Combat in Kandahar," Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong], February 28, 1985, 34-37. 


Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, 1983. (Ed., Robert Wesson.) Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1983. 


Yearbook on International Communist Affairs, 1984. (Ed., Richard F. Staar.) Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1984. 


(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation of this chapter: Christian Science Monitor; Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong]; Financial Times [London]; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia International Financial Statistics; Joint Publications Research Service, Near East/South Asia Report; Keesing's Contemporary Archives [London]; New York Times; and Washington Post.) 



Chapter 5 


Ahmed, Akbar, S. "Tribes and States in Central and South Asia," Asian Affairs [London], 9, Pt. 2, 1980, 152-68. 


Amin, Tahir. "Afghan Resistance: Past, Present, and Future," Asian Survey, 24, No. 4, April 1984, 373-99. 


Amnesty International Report, 1985. London: Amnesty International, 1985. 


Arnold, Anthony. Afghanistan's Two-Party Communism: Parcham and Khalq. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1983. 
_____ Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion in Perspective. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1981. 


Bhasin, Vijay Kumar. Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan: Its Background and Implications. New Delhi: S. Chand, 1984. 


Bodansky, Yossef. "Afghanistan: The Soviet Air War," Defense and Foreign Affairs, September 1985, 12-16. 
_____ "The Bear on the Chessboard: Soviet Military Gains in Afghanistan," World Affairs, 145, No. 3, Winter 1982-83,273-98. 
_____ "New Weapons in Afghanistan," Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 3, No. 10, March 9, 1985, 411-13. 


Bokhari, Imtiaz H. "The War in Afghanistan: A Study of Insurgency and Counter-Insurgency," Strategic Studies [Is lamabad], 5, No. 3, Spring 1982, 19-47. 


Bonner, Arthur, "Russians in Afghanistan," New York Times, 3 pts., October 31-November 2, 1985. 


Bradsher, Henry S. Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Durham: Duke Press Policy Studies, 1983. 


Carve, Olaf. The Pathans, 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957. London: Macmillan, 1965 


Chaliand Gerard. Report from Afghanistan. (Trans., Tamar Jacoby.) New York: Viking Press 1982. 


Collins, Joseph J. "The Soviet-Afghan War: The First Four Years," Parameters, 14, No. 2, Summer 1984, 49-62. 
_____ "The Use of Force in Soviet Foreign Policy: The Case of Afghanistan," Conflict Quarterly [New Brunswick, Canada], Spring 1983, 20-47. 


Curren, James B., and Phillip A. Karber. "Afghanistan's Ordeal Puts a Region at Risk," Armed Forces Journal International, 122, No. 8, March 1985, 78-105. 


Dunbar, Charles "Inside Wartime Kabul," Asia [London], 6, No. 4, November-December 1983. 


Dupree, Louis. "The Marxist Regimes and the Soviet Presence in Afghanistan: An Ages-Old Culture Responds to Late TwentiethCentury Aggression." Pages 58-73 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Fullerton, John. The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan. Hong Kong: South China Morning Post, 1983. 


Gregorian, Vartan. The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reform and Modernization, 1880-1946. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1969. 


Gunston, John. "Afghans Plan USSR Terror Attacks," Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 2, No. 6, March 31, 1984. 


Hammond, Thomas T. Red Flag over Afghanistan: The Communist Coup, the Soviet Invasion, and the Consequences. Boulder: Westview Press, 1984. 


Harrison, Selig S. In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1980. 


Hurewitz, Jacob C. Middle East Politics: The Military Dimension. New York: Praeger, 1967. 


Hussain, Syed S., and Abdul H. Alvi. Afghanistan under Soviet Occupation. Islamabad: World Affairs, 1980. 


Hyman, Anthony. Afghanistan under Soviet Domination, 1964-83. London: St. Martin's Press, 1984. 
_____ "Afghan Resistance: Danger from Disunity," Conflict Studies [London], 161, 1984, 1-24. 


Isby, David C. "Soviet Tactics in the War in Afghanistan," Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 4, No. 7, 1983, 681-92. 
_____ "The War in Afghanistan." (Unpublished research paper.) Arlington, Virginia: n. d. 


Jacobs, George. "Afghanistan Forces: How Many Soviets Are There?) Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 3, No. 23, June 22, 1985, 122833. 


Jane°s All the World°s Aircraft, 1982-83. (Ed., John W.R. Taylor.) London: Jane's 1982. 


Jane's Military Vehicles and Ground Support Equipment, 1982. (Ed., Christopher F. Foss.) London: Jane's, 1982. 


Joint Publications Research Service-JPRS (Washington). The following items are from the JPRS series: Near East/ South Asia Report: 
_____ "Resistance Fighters Mock Soviet 'Invincibility'," Geopolitique Paris, Winter 1984-85. (JPRSNEA-85-022, February 11, 1985, 76-79.) 
_____ "Resistance's Isolation Vis-a-Vis Soviet `Colonialism'," Geopolitique Paris, Winter 1984-85. (JPRS-NEA-85-028, February 25, 1985, 48-52.) 


Jones, David R. (ed.). Soviet Armed Forces Review Annual, 4. New York: Academic International Press, 1980. 


Kakar, Hasan Kawun. Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir Abd al-Rahman Khan. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. 


Katz, David J. "Responses to Central Authority in Nuristan: The Case of the Viiygal Valley Kalasha." Pages 94-118 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


Magnus, Ralph H. "The Military and Politics in Afghanistan: Before and After the Revolution." Pages 331-50 in Edward A. Olsen (ed.), The Armed Forces in Contemporary Asian Society. Boulder: Westview Press, 1985. 


The Military Balance, 1985-1986. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1985. 


Miller, Marshall Lee. "The Middle East: Peeling away the Myths to Expose the Reality," Armed Forces Journal International, 122, No. 11, June 1985, 60-90. 


Monks, Alfred L. The Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan. Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1981. 


Poullada, Leon B. Reform and Rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919-1929. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973. 


Rashid, Abdul. "An Afghan Resistance Commander Looks at the War and Its Strategic Implications," Strategic Review, 13, Winter 1985, 30-39. 


"Soviet Intelligence: Helicopter Protection from IR Missiles," Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 4, No. 14, October 5, 1985, 743. 


Strand, Richard F. "The Evolution of Anti-Communist Resistance in Eastern Nuristan." Pages 77-93 in M. Nazif Shahrani and Robert L. Canfield (eds.), Revolutions and Rebellions in Afghanistan: Anthropological Perspectives. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1984. 


United States. Congress. 97th, 1st Session. House of Representatives. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East. An Assessment of the Afghanistan Sanctions: Implications for Trade and Diplomacy in the 1980's. Washington: GPO, April 1981. 


United States. Congress. 98th, 2d Session. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Hidden War: The Struggle for Afghanistan. Washington: GPO, April 1984. 


United States. Department of Defense. Soviet Military Power, 1985. Washington: GPO, 1985. 


United States. Department of State. Chemical Warfare in Southeast Asia and Afghanistan. Washington: GPO, March 1982. 
_____ Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1984. (Report submitted to United States Congress, 99th, 1st Session, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, and House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs.) Washington: GPO, February 1985. 


Urban, Mark L. "A More Competent Afghan Army?" Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 4 No. 21, November 23, 1985, 1147-51. 
_____ "The Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces in Afghanistan," Jane's Defence Weekly [London], 3, No. 3, January 12, 1985. 


Warner, Denis. "The Soviet Union's `International Duty' in Afghanistan," Pacific Defence Reporter [Melbourne, Australia], Much 1983. 


Wimbush, S. Enders, and Alex Alexiev. Soviet Central Asian Soldiers in Afghanistan. Santa Monica: Rand, January 1981. 



(Various issues of the following publications were also used in the preparation of this chapter: Christian Science Monitor; Far Eastern Economic Review [Hong Kong]; Financial Times [London]; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Daily Report: South Asia; Jane's Defence Weekly [London]; Keesing's Comtemporary Archives [London]; Manchester Guardian Weekly [London]; New York Times; and Washington Post.) 

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